Linear Metal Chains in Ca2M2X (M = Pd, Pt; X = Al, Ge): Origin of the Pairwise Distortion and Its Role in the Structure Stability

A series of four new analogue phases Ca2M2X (M = Pd, Pt and X = Al, Ge) were prepared by direct combination of the respective elements in stoichiometric mixtures at high temperature in order to analyze the impact of valence electron count (vec) and electronegativity differences (Δχ) on the structure selection and stability. Their crystal structures, as determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, correspond to two different but closely related structure types. The first compound, Ca2Pd2Ge (I), is an unprecedented ternary ordered variant of the Zr2Al3-type (orthorhombic, Fdd2). The three other phases, Ca2Pt2Ge (II), Ca2Pd2Al (III) and Ca2Pt2Al (IV), adopt the Gd2Ge2Al-type structure (monoclinic, C2/c). All title structures feature linear chains of the noble metals (Pd or Pt). The Pd linear chains in I are undistorted with equidistant Pd···Pd atoms, whereas the metal chains in II–IV are pairwise distorted, resulting in short connected {Pd2} or {Pt2} dumbbells that are separated by longer M···M contacts. The occurrence and magnitude of the pairing distortion in these chains are controlled by the vec and the Δχ between the constituent elements, a result which is supported by analysis of the calculated Bader effective charges. The metal chains act as charge modulation units, critical for the stability and the electronic flexibility of the structures by an adequate adjustment of the metal–metal bond order to both the vec and the degree of charge transfer. Thus, Ca2Pd2Ge (28 ve/f.u) is a Zintl-like, charge optimized phase with formally zerovalent Pd atoms forming the undistorted metal chains; semimetallic properties are predicted by TB-LMTO calculations. In contrast, the isoelectronic Ca2Pt2Ge is predicted to be a good metal with the Fermi level located at a local maximum of the DOS, a fingerprint of potential electronic instability. This is due to greater charge transfer to the more electronegative Pt atoms forming the metal chains and probably to packing frustration in the well packed structure that may prevent a larger distortion of the Pt chains. However, the instability is suppressed in the aliovalent but isostructural phases Ca2M2Al (27 ve/f.u) with an enhancement of the pairing distortion within the metal chains but lower M–M bond order. Further reduction of the vec as in Ca2M2Cd (26 ve/f.u) may induce a transition toward the more geometrically flexible W2CoB2-type with a low dimensional structure, to create more room for a larger distortion of the metal chain as dictated by the shortage of valence electrons. Disciplines Materials Chemistry | Other Chemistry | Physical Chemistry Comments Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Chem. Mater., 2015, 27 (1), pp 304–315. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/chem_pubs/673 Linear Metal Chains in Ca2M2X (M = Pd, Pt; X = Al, Ge): Origin of the Pairwise Distortion and Its Role in the Structure Stability Isa Doverbratt,† Simeón Ponou,†,‡ Yuemei Zhang,‡ Sven Lidin,† and Gordon J. Miller*,‡ †Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Getingevag̈en 60, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden ‡Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, 50011 Iowa, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: A series of four new analogue phases Ca2M2X (M = Pd, Pt and X = Al, Ge) were prepared by direct combination of the respective elements in stoichiometric mixtures at high temperature in order to analyze the impact of valence electron count (vec) and electronegativity differences (Δχ) on the structure selection and stability. Their crystal structures, as determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, correspond to two different but closely related structure types. The first compound, Ca2Pd2Ge (I), is an unprecedented ternary ordered variant of the Zr2Al3-type (orthorhombic, Fdd2). The three other phases, Ca2Pt2Ge (II), Ca2Pd2Al (III) and Ca2Pt2Al (IV), adopt the Gd2Ge2Al-type structure (monoclinic, C2/c). All title structures feature linear chains of the noble metals (Pd or Pt). The Pd linear chains in I are undistorted with equidistant Pd···Pd atoms, whereas the metal chains in II−IV are pairwise distorted, resulting in short connected {Pd2} or {Pt2} dumbbells that are separated by longer M···M contacts. The occurrence and magnitude of the pairing distortion in these chains are controlled by the vec and the Δχ between the constituent elements, a result which is supported by analysis of the calculated Bader effective charges. The metal chains act as charge modulation units, critical for the stability and the electronic flexibility of the structures by an adequate adjustment of the metal−metal bond order to both the vec and the degree of charge transfer. Thus, Ca2Pd2Ge (28 ve/ f.u) is a Zintl-like, charge optimized phase with formally zerovalent Pd atoms forming the undistorted metal chains; semimetallic properties are predicted by TB-LMTO calculations. In contrast, the isoelectronic Ca2Pt2Ge is predicted to be a good metal with the Fermi level located at a local maximum of the DOS, a fingerprint of potential electronic instability. This is due to greater charge transfer to the more electronegative Pt atoms forming the metal chains and probably to packing frustration in the well packed structure that may prevent a larger distortion of the Pt chains. However, the instability is suppressed in the aliovalent but isostructural phases Ca2M2Al (27 ve/f.u) with an enhancement of the pairing distortion within the metal chains but lower M−M bond order. Further reduction of the vec as in Ca2M2Cd (26 ve/f.u) may induce a transition toward the more geometrically flexible W2CoB2-type with a low dimensional structure, to create more room for a larger distortion of the metal chain as dictated by the shortage of valence electrons. A series of four new analogue phases Ca2M2X (M = Pd, Pt and X = Al, Ge) were prepared by direct combination of the respective elements in stoichiometric mixtures at high temperature in order to analyze the impact of valence electron count (vec) and electronegativity differences (Δχ) on the structure selection and stability. Their crystal structures, as determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, correspond to two different but closely related structure types. The first compound, Ca2Pd2Ge (I), is an unprecedented ternary ordered variant of the Zr2Al3-type (orthorhombic, Fdd2). The three other phases, Ca2Pt2Ge (II), Ca2Pd2Al (III) and Ca2Pt2Al (IV), adopt the Gd2Ge2Al-type structure (monoclinic, C2/c). All title structures feature linear chains of the noble metals (Pd or Pt). The Pd linear chains in I are undistorted with equidistant Pd···Pd atoms, whereas the metal chains in II−IV are pairwise distorted, resulting in short connected {Pd2} or {Pt2} dumbbells that are separated by longer M···M contacts. The occurrence and magnitude of the pairing distortion in these chains are controlled by the vec and the Δχ between the constituent elements, a result which is supported by analysis of the calculated Bader effective charges. The metal chains act as charge modulation units, critical for the stability and the electronic flexibility of the structures by an adequate adjustment of the metal−metal bond order to both the vec and the degree of charge transfer. Thus, Ca2Pd2Ge (28 ve/ f.u) is a Zintl-like, charge optimized phase with formally zerovalent Pd atoms forming the undistorted metal chains; semimetallic properties are predicted by TB-LMTO calculations. In contrast, the isoelectronic Ca2Pt2Ge is predicted to be a good metal with the Fermi level located at a local maximum of the DOS, a fingerprint of potential electronic instability. This is due to greater charge transfer to the more electronegative Pt atoms forming the metal chains and probably to packing frustration in the well packed structure that may prevent a larger distortion of the Pt chains. However, the instability is suppressed in the aliovalent but isostructural phases Ca2M2Al (27 ve/f.u) with an enhancement of the pairing distortion within the metal chains but lower M−M bond order. Further reduction of the vec as in Ca2M2Cd (26 ve/f.u) may induce a transition toward the more geometrically flexible W2CoB2-type with a low dimensional structure, to create more room for a larger distortion of the metal chain as dictated by the shortage of valence electrons.